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NOTES ON A REVIEW J 

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"THE PEE-COLUMBIAN 



DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 



BY THE NORTHMEN,' 



NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW FOR JULY. 
BY REV. B. F.DE COSTA. 



ADVERTISER PRESS : 
CHARLESTOWN, MASS., 

18G9. 



<• 



THE IsORTH AMERICAN REVIEW 
AND THE SAGAS. 



The princii^al article of literary criticism in 
the editorial department of the North American 
for July, is that which has for its subject the au- 
thor's work on "The Pre-Columbian Discovery 
of America by the Northmen." The article ex- 
tends through eight pages of the Review^ and 
finds fault with the work in question as regards 
several points, though at the same time agreeing 
with the author as to the unfairness of Mr. Ban- 
croft in his treatment of the subject. 

The critic concedes the discovery of America 
by the Northmen, but objects to the use made of 
various expressions in the narratives, which the 
author, in common with the Northern Antiqua- 
rians, has applied to certain localities. In fact, 
he does not wish the Sagas to be used as a log- 
book. In this the author agrees with the critic, 
and feels free to acknowledge that he ought to 
have made this appear as prominent in his work 
as in his discussions and lectures. In treating 
with those who objected to the authenticity of 
the narratives, he has indeed met them on their 
own ground, and shown that, while the language 
of the Sagas is at times general, it is nevertheless 
correct in details. He will by no means admit 
that the language is not sufficiently exact to en- 



able us to identify tlie principal localities. The 
old map of Stephanius, in Torfaeus' Grotdandia, 
also justifies this view. That tlie Northmen were 
familiar with Cape Cod is very clear, Avhile they 
also indicate that they had explored the range of 
hills that runs from Milton to the vicinity of 
Mount Hope Bay. 

The critic likewise speaks as if his author had 
suppressed the fact that there were other views 
in regard to the latitude of the Vinland Colony 
than those of Rafn and his fellow laborers ; yet 
Torfaeus, Peringskiold, Malte Brun and others, 
are distinctly alluded to as giving a different 
view. (See p. 32, N.) 

He also objects that the author represents 
Mount Hope Bay as a lake, whereas the state- 
ment is that the tourist " will at first take Mount 
Hope Bay for a lake." 

As a trifling objection, the critic also mentions 
the fact that the author refers to Torfceus' Gron- 
landia as containing much information on the 
subject, and again says that he does not appear 
to know of ^orfsBus' Vinlandia. The first work, 
as every one conversant with the literature of the 
subject knows, has nothing about Vinland of im- 
portance, but the map abeady referred to ; while 
the other work treats directly of the subject. But 
it might have been guessed, even, that the author 
meant to say Vinland instead of Greenland, as 
Vinland was the place he was talking ahout. (See 
page xlix.) At any rate, such was the case, this 
bedng one of those errors that occasionally creep 



in, especially when the printer Is at work at Al- 
bany, and the author is summering in the Bay of 
Fundy. This correction made, it will appear 
that the author was unacquainted with neither 
of the works in question, works that every tyro in 
this department must know. As a work of refer- 
ence it has, however, been superseded, and in, 
Antiquitates AmericancB^ Torfseus is so little re- 
ferred to that his name does not appear in the 
index. 

Again, it is asked if anything has been added to 
the knowledge of the subject during the last 
thirty years, and if not, that the fact should have 
been stated. This is written by the critic, with 
the statement staring at hiin from the fore-front 
of the book, " that the aim of the present work 
is to place within the reach of the English-read- 
ing historical student every portion of the Sagas 
essentially relating to the Pre-Columbian Discov- 
ery of America by the Northmen." Does not a 
line of remark like this show how hard pressed 
the critic was for something to say ? 

These, however, are but general observations, 
and we now come to notice more substantial mat- 
ters. Let us turn then to his first indictment, 
and ascertain what it is worth. The critic makes 
this discovery, that 

" The most important circumstance bearing upon the 
historical authority of the Sagas, he [the author] only 
alludes to in the most incidental manner, and evidently 
with no appreciation of its importance. We refer to th^ 
fact that there are disorepanciee between the Sagas relat* 
iog t9 Erio and bis &oiis asd tkcee rel&tloK to Ibor^JOfi, 



8 

of guoh r nature at to leave no doubt but that they mast 
have come to ue from two wholly distinct sources. Tor- 
fffius was the first to direct attention to these dif^orepan- 
cies, and at the same time remarking that they were of a 
nature to confirm rather than to disprove the statements. 
The Eric Sagas were evidently composed in Greenland, 
while those relating to Thorfinn had their origin in Ice- 
land. The discrepancies are of themselves of little conse- 
quence, but they serve to establish the important fact, 
that the Sagas of Eric and of Thorfinn must be received 
as two independent authorities, llhd Mr. De Costa so 
arranged his book as to have brought this main lact dis- 
tinctly beiore the reader's eye, he would have greatly 
added to its value. As the Sagas are piinted, there is 
nothing whatever to indicate that tlie Saga of Thorfirn 
has anything to distinguish it from those that precede it." 

Such is the sweepiDg declaration. Let us, 
therefore, see what it is worth. 

The charge covers two points, one relating to 
the distinct character of the narratives and the 
other to the coincidence. Now on both of these 
points the author was explicit where, (on page 
49,) he gives an account of the different manu- 
scripts, and says : 

" The differenees are evidently such as would not appear 
in the case of three writers who had banded together for 
the purpose of carrying out a historical fraud. The Saga 
of Thorfinn was written in Iceland, while that of Eric 
was composed in Greenland." 

Moreover, the disagreements were particularly- 
pointed out. On the other hand it is declared 
in tliiB Introduction, (p. liv.) 

" These occasional contradictious in aowise detract from 
the historic value of the documents themselves, which, 
even in their very truthfulness to the times, give every 
evidence of authenticity and great worth. To this gen- 
•ral appearance of truthfalness we may, however, add 



tb« force of those undesigned coincidences between writ- 
ers widely separated and destitute of all means of know- 
ing what has been already said. The same argument may- 
be used with the Sagas which has been so powerfully em- 
ployed by Paley and others in vindicating the historical 
chpracter of the New Testament. In these narratiTes, as 
in those of Taul and John, it may be used with over- 
whelming effect." 

We give the reader these quotations, and leave 
him to judge of the value of the assertion that 
the author " betrays an entire misconception of 
the problem he had to solve," confident that most 
persons will feel that what he said was sufficient, 
and that the charge is distinctly hypercritical. 

But the most convincing proof of the author's 
" misconception of the problem he had to solve," 
appears in the view of the literary character of 
the Sagas themselves. In fact the critic wishes 
us to understand that the Sagas relating to Amer- 
ica are simply prose versions of some old songs. 
In order to reach this conclusion, he brings in 
Sturleson's Heimskringia, and quotes the language 
of the great historian of the north, so far as it an- 
swers his purpose, to show that /?« used ballads in 
the preparation of his work. The critic writes : 

" Some things, he says, were found in old fam- 
ily registei'd, and ' part is written down after old 
songs and ballads which our forelathers had for 
their amusement.' " He afterward says that " no 
one can examine the history of Snorre Sturleson 
without seeing that it must be to a certain extent 
simply a prose rendering of old ballads." He then 
goes on boldly to speak as follows : 



10 

" Now the Sagas which relate to the discovery of Amer« 
ica show precisely the same characteristics. Thus, when 
Thorhall was carrying water to his ship he sang a song; 
and when he and his companions were about to sail north 
around Wondorstrand, they sang again; and both of 
these songs are preserved in the Saga of ThorfiBn. So 
when Thorfinn's people chased the Uuiped they sang. 
Who can doubt those verses, and instead of being songs 
that were actually sung on those occasions, were but frag* 
ments of the original ballad of which the narratives are 
merely prose abridgments, and that these portions chanced 
to be preserved simply becauoe they struck the ear of the 
later annalist." 

Thus he affects to have made out a case. But 
allowing, for the time, that his view of Sturleson's 
work is correct, let us see what his inference is 
Worth. Now if the Yinland Sagas were of the 
same origin as the Heimskringla, we ought to find 
in them the same characteristics, and yet while 
the cotemporary portions of Heimskringla are 
fairly interlarded with poetical extracts the Vin- 
land Sagas can boast of but four fragments of 
this sort. And these even show no indications 
■whatever of the truth of the critic's theory. The 
first is in the voyage of Biarne, where occurs a 
verse from a poem by Heriulf, and it is simply said 
that he composed the song from which the verse 
was taken. In the verses of Thorhall, in Karlsefue's 
voyage, there is nothing whatever to indicate that 
the prose accompanying the verses also existed 
formerly in verse. Examine the case of the song 
of (he " Uniped" and there is the s:ime lack of 
evidence, as any one can see by turning to the 
author^s work. 



II 



The truth is that songs of this sort were often 
composed on the spur of the moment, just as the 
three last appear to have been. Those acquaint- 
ed with the origin and history of Icelandic verse 
know very well that such compositions were 
always expected of persons of spirit, and that a 
man who could not readily compose a song was 
hardly to be counted upon in a fight. The two 
persons alluded to in Karlsefne's voyage un- 
doubtedly composed the verses attributed to 
them, as is distinctly stated to have been the case 
with Heriulf. Indeed there is no more reason 
to infer that the Vinland Sagas were first com- 
posed in verse than the Landnama book, of such 
well known origin and authorship, which also 
contains poetical extracts. 

In this connection it is to be remembered, that 
in the Landnama book the poetical extracts do 
not occur until we enter upon the second part. 
The first part does not contain a line of verse. 
Yet the first was composed in its present form in 
the eleventh century, while the latter portion was 
not written until the fourteenth, a period in 
which the application of the ballad theory ])e- 
comes positively absurd. This work likewise con- 
tains two more extracts from the poem Havger- 
dinger, which is quoted in the Saga giving the 
first voyage to America by Biarne, and they show 
conclusively that it was a well known song, diflT- 
erent parts of it being quoted by different writers, 
just as prose writers of the present day quote 
from Shakspeare or Tennyson. 



12 



Furthermore, the critic's very absurd theory- 
might be applied with equal reason to the Sagas 
in general, when we should find ourself con- 
fronted with the fact that the verses often have 
no application to the subject, while, again, as 
in the Grettir Saga, we stumble upon unfortunate. 
anachronisms, which attribute customs to the 
eleventh century that had expired in the ninth. 
The critic's theory would actually revolutionize 
all the accepted views of Old Northern literature, 
being not much more favorable in its effect than 
Mr. Bancroft's exploded mythological theory. 

The critic says that portions of Heimskringla, 
with poetical extracts, are cotemporary with the 
Vinland Sagas, and that the latter must " have 
been committed to writing in their present form 
at a period certainly as early as that in which 
the Heimskringla was composed." Yet, though 
all these Sagas may have been committed to 
writing at the same period, this does not prove 
an identity of origin. And again, if they were 
&0/A of a poetical origin, and committed to writ- 
ing at the same period, why do they not possess 
the same characteristics ? For instance the 
Heimskringla is full of mythology and poetry, 
wiiile the Vinland Sagas have no taint of mythol- 
ogy and only four cases of verse. This shows 
that they are of a different age. Part of the 
material of Heimskringla, as is well known, exist- 
ed many generations before Karlsefne, who came 
upon the stage when poetry in the North had 
passed its prime, and Christianity had brought in 



13 

letters. Hence the Vinlar.d Sagas, whatever 
may have been the date of their committal to 
writing, belong exclusively to the Christian age. 

But the critic must also tell us, if the Vinland 
Sagas are prose versions of old ballads, how it 
was in this reduction of the two separate nar- 
ratives about which he says so much, that hoth 
of the writers happened to retain in verse the 
song of Thorhall, and that both retained the 
two same fragments f This feature of the case is 
alone enough to brand his criticism with the 
stamp of shallowness that it richly deserves. 

It has thus been shown that, even were the 
critic in question correct in his view of the origin 
of Ileimskringla, he has not a shadow of reason or 
authority for attempting to reverse the judgment 
of Scandinavian scholars regarding the historic 
character of the Vinland narratives ; especially 
when we know that the very winter before Karl-^ 
sefne's voyage, the people of Greenland were en- 
tertained by recitals of history. 

But now the author has to show that tlie critic 
is wrong in his estimate of Sturleson's work. In 
order to prove this, let us hear what Sturleson 
has to say, as the critic's quotation, already given, 
is too scant. The great " Herodotus of the 
North" thus speaks in his Introduction : 

" In tliis book I have had old stories written 
down, as I have heard them told by intelligent 
people;" and again, " Some of this is found in 
ancient family registers, in which the pedigrees 
of kings and other personages of high birth are 



14 

reckoned up, and part is written down after old 
songs and ballads which our forefathers had for 
their amusement." Now at the first glance this 
might appear, to favor the notion of the critic, 
yet an intimate acquaintance with Sturleson's 
work sheds fresh light upon the above declara- 
tion. Therefore let another testify on this point, 
and this shall be no other than Sturleson's able 
and accomplished translator, Mr. Laing. On 
this point he writes as follows : 

" The translator intended at first to have left out these 
poems or scaldic pieces altogether. They are not essen- 
tial to Snorre's prose narrative of the events to which 
they refer. They are iiot even mithorities for the facts he 
details, sdihovigh. he quotes them in that view; for they 
only give the summary or heads of events of which he 
gives the more minute accounts. They appear to he catch- 
words or preliminary verses for aiding the memory in 
recurring to some long account or Saga inj^rose, of which 
they are the compendium or text." 

In this opinion Mr. Laing and his son agree; 
and now which is the better qualified to give a 
decision, Mr. Laing, who impartially, and for 
years, studied the internal structure of Sturle- 
son's work with the best aids of the originals in 
the libraries of the North, together with the 
advice and help of living teachers, or the critic 
of the North American Review ? Certainly there 
can be but one opinion among competent judges i 
and thus, however we treat the assumptions of 
the critic, they fall to the ground. 



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